Civil Aviation Industry essayEssay Writing Service

Civil Aviation Industry essayEssay Writing Service Civil Aviation Industry essay Civil Aviation Industry essayToday the term â€Å"terrorism† describes the illegal and often inhuman actions that are intended to instill fear and uncertainty in people. The civil aviation industry is one of the fields that are seriously influenced by the fears of terrorism since 9/11. As a result, the issue of aviation safety and security is one of the most important social issues, which requires adequate solutions. It is necessary to understand what is at stake. The consequences of failing to assess, analyze and recognize the potential threats caused by terrorist attacks influence the development of the civil aviation industry. There is a necessity to identify and implement the proper strategies to minimize the risk. Focusing attention on aviation and airports, it is crucial to consider the functioning of the aviation industry, the important role of air transportation for effective passenger service and cargo transportation. In addition, it is necessary to address the hijack ing threat and develop adequate response mechanisms. Undoubtedly, international cooperation is required to find sound solutions. The major goal of this paper is to discuss the effects of fears of terrorism on the development of air safety aviation industry since 9/11, paying due attention to the consequences of the aviation industry’s tendency to wait until there is a major accident before implementing safety and the analysis of the major strategies aimed at improving safety of aviation industry.IntroductionAviation industry is one of the largest sectors, which includes a large number of employees, airports and airplanes. These objects are vulnerable to terrorist attacks, including airport bombings, hijackings, and sabotage attacks by terrorists. The most destructive terrorist attack is the tragedy of 9/11. Actually, this event became â€Å"a cornerstone of today’s aviation security policies† (Yalcinkaya Ozmen, 2007, p. 259). It has been found that the fears of terrorism contributed to air safety aviation industry since 9/11.   Actually, there are both contributions and negative effects of terrorism attacks on the development of the air aviation industry. According to researchers, â€Å"security activities have increased enormously since 9/11†(Barnett, 2010, p. 341). However, there is still much to be done to improve safety of the aviation industry and the whole nation (Wilkinson Jenkins, 2013).   The fact that there is the aviation industry’s tendency to wait until there is a major accident before implementing safety means specific strategies should be directed toward the implementation of well-timed actions aimed improving safety. According to Johnathan Wolff (2006), the issue regarding risks imposed on each other is considered to be an issue of â€Å"fundamental moral importance† (409). Due to â€Å"quantified risk assessment,† including risk cost-benefit analysis, it is possible to provide the effectiv e analysis of the air safety aviation industry.   The proper techniques can be used to show that â€Å"existing resources could be used more effectively to reduce risk overall† (Wolff, 2006, p. 409). As a result, it is necessary to mention that some of the selected current practices aimed at improving safety of the aviation industry are irrational. On the other hand, â€Å"many critics of quantified risk assessment argue that it cannot adequately capture all relevant features, such as â€Å"societal concern† and so should be abandoned† (Wolff, 2006, p. 409). Thesis statement: The fears of terrorism continue to influence the development of air safety aviation industry since 9/11 because many considerable changes have been made to strengthen aviation security.The major goal of this paper is to discuss the effects of fears of terrorism on the development of air safety aviation industry since 9/11, paying due attention to the consequences of the aviation industryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s tendency to wait until there is a major accident before implementing safety and the analysis of the major strategies aimed at improving safety of aviation industry.The effects of fears of terrorismon the development of air safety aviation industry since 9/11The effects of fears of terrorism on the development of air safety aviation industry since 9/11 include both positive and negative effects. According to George Leloudas (2013), for air carriers, an important aspect of the effects of fears of terrorism includes not only physical and financial losses, but also â€Å"the intangible damage that the carrier’s reputation suffers after the incident and the public demands for more regulation of the aviation industry† (p. 23). The events of 9/11can be referred to the low-probability category of risk events with high level of magnitude. Actually, these terrorist attacks can be defined as social amplified events. The negative effects of fears of terrorism are conclude d in the considerable decline of air travel. Undoubtedly, the decline in the use of services provided by the aviation industry led to greater automobile use. As a result, there was a considerable â€Å"increase in driving costs and deaths because flying was the safer means of transportation† (Leloudas, 2013, p. 24). As passenger loads fell considerable after the event 9/11, the civil aviation revenues were decreased. As a result, thousands of workers employed in the civil aviation industry lost their jobs (Wilkinson Jenkins, 2013).In addition, the fears of terrorism led to providing the aviation industry with escalating cost of a wide range of security measures, as a result of the US Congress implementation of specially developed laws, programs and policies, which guarantee a host of measures to achieve progress in developing more secure air travel system and restoring public trust and confidence in flying (Leloudas, 2013). The considerable changes in the functioning of the aviation industry are based on the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that was passed on November 19, 2001. According to this Act, a new federal agency was established to address the needs and requirements of the nation regarding the safety of the aviation industry services. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act provided massive changes in the functioning of the aviation industry. For example, the Act â€Å"mandates screening of all checked bags for bombs and explosives† (Leloudas, 2013). Besides, for the first time in the history of the aviation industry, it is required that all US airport security operations and practices be handled by well-trained federal employees. In addition, the Act called for the use of fortified cockpit doors, the installation of video monitors to alert pilots in the flight deck to activity in the cabin, the use of more sky marshals aboard planes, and providing mandatory training sessions for the members of flight crews regarding the way s to handle the uncontrolled situations, such as a hijacking. These measures proved to be effective. It has been found that positive changes were made in the functioning of the civil aviation industry. For example, aircrafts have become more reliable in usage and the weather forecasting practices have been improved (Oster et al., 2013). According to Johnathan Wolff (2006), â€Å"certainly anyone who have travelled by air lately, and seen what is being done in the name of reducing risks of terrorism may well have had the thought: obviously not much better than useless, but nevertheless somehow strangely reassuring, at list for some people† (p. 409).Moreover, the impact of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and its after-effects on U.S. airline demand have been analyzed by researchers. They used the data taken from the period 1986 -2003 in order to find out that the terrorist attacks of 9/11 â€Å"resulted in both a negative transitory shock of over 30% and an ongoing negative dema nd shock amounting to roughly 7.4% of pre-September 11 demand† (Ito Lee, 2005, p. 75). Actually, the ongoing negative demand shock has been reduced, although experts fail to give explanation to economic, financial, psychological, seasonal, or any other factors (Ito Lee, 2005).In general, the issue about aviation safety requires the proper analysis of the safety records of aviation both in the United States and abroad. It is very important to explore â€Å"aviation security as a growing dimension of aviation safety† (Oster et al., 2013). It is necessary to identify the major issues in airline safety and define certain challenges for continuation of aviation safety practices. According to researchers, â€Å"commercial airline safety has improved dramatically since the industry’s birth over a century ago† (Oster et al., 2013). The analysis of the fatal accident rates for aviation industry, especially for the large scheduled jet airlines shows that the level of incidents has been fallen. Thus, aviation is considered to be now the â€Å"safest mode of commercial transportation† (Oster et al., 2013, p.148).Civil Aviation Industry essay part 2

Thinking About Pursuing a Graduate Degree in History

Thinking About Pursuing a Graduate Degree in History Are you considering a masters or doctoral degree in History? The decision to pursue graduate study in History, like other fields, is a complex one that is part emotional and part rational. The emotional side of the equation is powerful. The pride of becoming the first in your family to earn a graduate degree, being called Doctor, and living a life of the mind are all tempting rewards. However, the decision of whether to apply to graduate programs in History also entails pragmatic considerations. In a difficult economic climate, the question becomes even more perplexing. Below are a few considerations. Remember that this is your choice - a very personal choice - that only you can make. Competition for entry to graduate study in History is stiff. The first thing to recognize when it comes to graduate study is that it is competitive. Admissions standards for many graduate programs, especially doctoral programs, in History are tough. Peruse applications for the top Ph.D. programs in the field and you may encounter warnings not to apply if you do not have a particular score on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) Verbal Test and a high undergraduate GPA (for example, at least a 3.7). Earning a Ph.D. in History takes time. Once you enter graduate school you may remain a student longer than you intend. History and other humanities students often take longer to complete their dissertations than science students do. Graduate students in History can expect to remain in school for at least 5 years and as many as 10 years. Each year in graduate school is another year without full-time income. Graduate students in History have fewer funding sources than science students do. Graduate study is expensive. Annual tuition typically ranges from $20,000-40,000. The amount of funding a student receives is important to his or her economic well-being long after graduate school. Some History students work as teaching assistants and receive some tuition remission benefits or a stipend. Most students pay for all of their education. In contrast, science students are often funded by grants that their professors write to support their research. Science students often receive full tuition remission and a stipend during graduate school. Academic jobs in History are hard to come by. Many faculty members advise their students not to go into debt to earn a graduate degree in History because of the job market for college professors, especially in the humanities, is bad. Many humanities PhDs work as adjunct instructors (earning about $2,000-$3,000 per course) for years. Those who decide to seek full-time employment rather than reapply for academic jobs work in college administration, publishing, the government, and non-profit agencies. Historians' skills in reading, writing and argumentation skills are valued outside of academia. Many of the negative considerations in deciding whether to apply to graduate school in History emphasize the difficulty of obtaining employment in academic settings and the financial challenges that come with graduate study. These considerations are less relevant for students who plan on careers outside of academia. On the positive side, a graduate degree offers many opportunities outside of the ivory tower. The skills that you will hone as you pursue your graduate degree are valued in virtually all employment settings. For example, graduate degree holders in History are skilled in reading, writing, and argumentation. Each paper you write in graduate school requires that you compile and integrate information, and construct logical arguments. These information management, argumentation, and presentation skills are useful in a variety of settings such as business, nonprofits, and government. This quick overview of pragmatic considerations in determining whether graduate study in History is for you highlights some of the challenges, but your academic and professional career is yours to make. Students who plan, take advantage of an opportunity and remain open to considering a range of career options increase the odds of a graduate degree in History paying off in the long run. Ultimately graduate school decisions are complex and highly personal. Only you are aware of your own circumstances, strengths, weaknesses, and goals - and whether a History degree fits into your life story.